What is Pounamu and Where Is It Found?

Pounamu, also known as greenstone or New Zealand jade, is a rare and beautiful stone found only in the South Island of New Zealand. Deeply embedded in Māori culture and heritage, pounamu is more than a decorative gem—it is a taonga(treasure) passed down through generations, carrying the mana (prestige) of its wearer.

Where is pounamu found?

The primary source of pounamu lies in the West Coast of New Zealand’s South Island, particularly in rivers such as the Arahura River near Hokitika, an area revered for its spiritual and geological significance. Pounamu is also historically connected to the Nelson region, where ancient trading routes passed through, and different varieties of the stone were shared among iwi (tribes).

The Types of Pounamu

There are several distinct types of pounamu, each with its own unique beauty:

• Kawakawa – Deep green with darker inclusions, the most common variety.

• Kahurangi – Highly translucent and prized for its rarity and clarity.

• Inanga – Pale green or pearly grey, often resembling the whitebait fish.

• Tangiwai – A more glass-like form of pounamu, technically bowenite.

• Kōkopu – Spotted like the native trout it’s named after.

These varieties differ in hardness, color, and translucency, but all are equally treasured by Māori for carving and adornment.

Why is pounamu important in Māori culture?

In Māori tradition, pounamu is sacred. It represents strength, protection, and connection to ancestry. It is often carved into meaningful shapes like hei tiki (ancestral figure) or twist designs (symbolizing eternity and connection). These pieces are commonly gifted on significant occasions like births, weddings, and achievements, where the stone’s wairua (spirit)is passed on.

Is all pounamu protected or owned by iwi?

In 1997, ownership of naturally occurring pounamu in the South Island’s West Coast region was officially returned to Ngāi Tahu under the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act. This means that most of the pounamu in that area—including rivers like the Arahura—is protected and managed by Ngāi Tahu, who hold the kaitiakitanga (guardianship) over it.

However, not all pounamu in New Zealand is owned by Ngāi Tahu.

In areas like Nelson and Marlborough, the pounamu found there (including varieties like serpentine or stones locally called pounamu) is not part of the Ngāi Tahu settlement and is not under the same protections or ownership.

That said, it’s still important to approach all forms of pounamu with respect and awareness of local tikanga (customs). If you are unsure about whether an area is protected or what is considered appropriate, contacting local iwi or authorities is a good first step.

How can I experience pounamu today?

To truly appreciate pounamu, visit Hokitika on the West Coast. Known as the jade capital of New Zealand, it's home to local artisans and carving studios like Bonz ‘N’ Stonz, where you can even carve your own piece.

You can even book a tour of the river and collect your own pounamu!

Final Thoughts

Pounamu is more than just a beautiful stone—it’s a sacred treasure of New Zealand. Whether worn for protection, gifted in love, or admired for its unique beauty, understanding its origins and cultural significance helps deepen your appreciation for this truly special taonga.